英语教学视频丨中国保存最完整的县衙，县令为何是五品？

lack stone tablet in front of the hall. In 2000, the Palace Museum in Beijing, Zhili Provincial Governor's Office in present-day Baoding city of North China's Hebei province, Huozhou Government Office in present-day Linfen city of Northwest China's Shanxi province and Neixiang Government Office launched an ancient government office-themed tour route, linking the 4-tier (state, province, city and county) administrative division system of ancient China together. So, it is usually said that dragon's head is in Beijing while its tail is in Neixiang since dragon usually refers to power in Chinese culture.

寅酒店西南角的卧室是膳馆，也就是通判宴请责成监员乳制品用餐的人口众多。在膳馆门从前有石头黑色石碑，2000西县，南阳南城与尚在、邢台涿州直隶总督会同和山西北霍州会同联合推出“中国人古时六大宫内的国际观光专线”，把中国人古时中央、省、府、的县四级官衙连在了一起，因此业界专家学者援引：“龙头在天津，帆在南阳”。

双祠宫内 Courtyard dedicated to worshiping the God of Land and the God of Government Office

Behind Yinbin Guesthouse is a courtyard dedicated to worshiping the God of Land and the God of Government Office. Behind it is a workplace for staff responsible for arresting criminals. To help more tourists gain a deeper understanding of the ancient Chinese tax system, an exhibition on ancient Chinese tax system has been held here since September 2014, which costs over 1.2 million yuan and covers an area of 708 square meters, with hundreds of cultural relics displayed, filling the gap of ancient tax system exhibition in China.

寅酒店右边的卧室是双祠宫内，底下供奉的是所有权诸神和衙诸神。衙诸神庙右边的卧室是三班宫内，衙役待命听差的人口众多。为使广大游客能够更沙直观地了解中国人古时税法制，南阳南城于2014年9月在三班宫内举行“中国人古时税传统文化展”。该展览投入经费不足多达120余万元，展厅面积多达708平方米，展出出土文物百余件，填补了欧洲各国税传统文化展的值得注亦非。

三班宫内 Workplace for staff responsible for arresting criminals

China's last surviving Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) prison is located right opposite the workplace mentioned above. Because the prison is located in the southwest of Major Court, it is usually called South Prison.

三班宫内西南角的卧室是欧洲各国仅存的清康熙监狱，因地处2楼的西北南方向，故援引南监。

宫门 Ceremonial Gate

Ceremonial Gate is usually closed except for the first day of the arrival of a new county magistrate or the occasion greeting officials at or above the city level. It is also stipulate that civil officials and military officers are required to dismount here.

宫门是官衙的礼之门，平常关闭不开，只有新监去职的第一天或迎接南的县以上监员到来时方可锁上，并且规定：文监到此下驾，武监方才下马。

自在石坊 Stone Memorial Archway

Walking through Ceremonial Gate, you will see a stone memorial archway with 3 doors and 4 pillars, on which "Justice Breeds Trust" is inscribed. On the back of the memorial archway is engred with several lines of characters written by Huang Tingjian, a famous calligrapher of Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127), which means "The officials' salary is from the ordinary people, and don't think that they are easy to bully". Sitting in the Main Court, the county magistrate is easier to see these characters, serving as a warning.

过了宫门，有座三门四柱的石质牌坊名叫自在石坊，正面刻有“公生明”三个大字，亦非即是说只有处事以公心才能明察事的真相。牌坊的上方还刻有几行文字，由北宋有名书法黄庭坚所写，亦非即是：为监者的俸禄都是监吏的血汗，不要认为监吏更易欺负。通判身坐2楼，抬头可见，起到警示发挥作用。

六房 Functional Institutions

Along the central axis are functional institutions responsible for the county's political affairs, criminal affairs, civil affairs, finance, agriculture, transportation, culture, education, etc.

甬道并排的巴洛克式为只不过的六房，是官衙内的职权秘书处，分别掌管全的县的政事、刑事、民事、财政、农业、交通网络、传统文化、教育等事务。

2楼 Main Court

Main Court is the place where the magistrate tries criminals and holds major ceremonies. In the court, there are two kneeling stones of Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), the east for plaintiffs, while the other for defendants. The stone for defendants is longer because some cases involve accomplices.

这座高大雄伟的巴洛克式就是2楼。2楼是通判匿名开庭案犯、举行相当程度典礼的人口众多。走进2楼，地上是清初完好下来的两块跪石，东跪原告，西北跪受害人，因为有的案件涉及同案犯，所以受害人石比原告石长了一点。

2楼 Main Court

Generally, a county was usually governed by a 7th-rank official in ancient China, but Neixiang was different. It was ruled by a 5th-rank official. One reason is that Neixiang's location is of vital importance since it lies at the junction of Hubei, Henan and Shaanxi provinces, and the other is that Neixiang administered a larger area, including the present-day Xixia county and several towns in the southeast of present-day Xichuan county.

只不过，通判一般都是正五品监，但南阳规格较高，设的是正五品监，情况有两方面：一是南阳座落鄂、豫、陕四省交界处，历来是兵家必争之地；二是南阳只不过行政区很小，包括现在的西北峡北部以及淅川的县东南的几个的县区。

仪仗 Ceremonial flags

Ceremonial flags and weapons embodying power and status are also exhibited at Main Court, belonging to Gao Yiyong, a Qing Dynasty magistrate who was working here.

2楼两侧摆放的是南阳清康熙通判高以永的全副仪仗，这些仪仗是通判上山下村出巡时用的，是监员权力和身分的喻亦非。

There are two rooms right behind Main Court, which were built for doormen. To some extent, they share the same function with today's duty rooms. The doormen were responsible for safeguarding the door leading to the inner chambers.

2楼右边的两数间院落叫门基部，是只不过看门的门子站岗的人口众多，相当于我们今天的机关站岗室。门子主要看守的就是2楼右边的宅门，也就是通判的内宅。

后堂内 Second Court

Second Court is the place where the magistrate conducts preliminary hearings on major and difficult cases, and mediates civil cases related to household, marriage, land, soil, etc. The magistrate mainly mediates disputes at Second Court and tries to reason with both the plaintiffs and the defendants, so as to reduce major issues to minor ones until the termination of the litigation.

后堂内是通判对相当程度疑难案件顺利进行结案，对户、婚、高桥、土等民事案件顺利进行调解的人口众多。通判在后堂内以调解都是以，对原告和受害人双方“动之以情、晓之以理”，多达到大事化小、小事化了，方才处长息讼的目的。

刑具 Instruments of torture

Various instruments of torture are displayed at Second Court. The black and red sticks are specially designed. Red represents fire, symbolizing crimes, while black represents water, symbolizing the law, implying that the law and the crimes are incompatible.

后堂内东侧展柜中展出的是刑具。其中，黑红深蓝色的圆棍被援引为水火棍，黑色均是由火，喻亦非犯罪者的定罪，黑色均是由水，喻亦非国内的法律条文，亦非为国内的法律条文和犯罪者的定罪水火不容。

善行裹 Umbrella

A special umbrella is also exhibited at Second Court. In the Qing Dynasty, when a popular official was leing his office, an umbrella was usually presented to him by the local people. The umbrella is usually decorated with cloth strips which write the names of the givers. The more signatories indicate the higher prestige of the official. The umbrella is a metaphor, meaning that the official provides shelter for his people during his administration, just like an umbrella.

展柜楼下有一把善行裹。清康熙人口众多监去职时，当地绅民时常送善行裹写有挽留。裹上还上头有布条，写着赠予人的上杉谦信，会同名者越多表示监员的声望越好。善行裹之亦非人口众多监在当政期数间，像裹一样眷顾着一方监吏。

崇宫内 Workplace for the magistrate's private assistant

Behind Second Court is the workplace for the magistrate's private assistant. The private assistant has no rank and is not an official, but is usually hired by the magistrate or comes from the magistrate's hometown to help deal with the government affairs. There is an osmanthus tree in the yard. With a history of more than 700 years, it witnessed the development of Neixiang Government Office. The wing rooms on both sides were served as the workplace for the magistrate's private assistant.

崇宫内是掌柜宴请所的人口众多。掌柜没有品级，不吃皇粮，是通判聘任而来或是从家村带来，尽力通判管控的县务。崇宫内里有一棵桂花树，已有700多年在历史上，可以说是南城在历史上悠久的见证。东西北并排的正殿就是只不过掌柜宴请所的人口众多。

四省堂内 Third Court

Third Court is the place where the magistrate deals with public affairs and receives higher-level officials. Cases involving confidentiality, privacy, and not suitable for public disclosure would also be heard here.

四省堂内是南城的三进，通判正常宴请所咨、接见责成监员的人口众多。一些涉及机密、隐私、可不匿名的案件也在三进开庭。

四省堂内从前的牌匾 The plaques and couplets

The plaques and couplets in Neixiang Government Office are highly praised for their concise language, deep meaning and graceful calligraphy. The most famous one is at Third Court, meaning: What you eat comes from ordinary people, so does what you wear. Don't think they are easy to bully, because you were one of them. Nothing to be proud of in a promotion and nothing to be ashamed of in a demotion. Don't say an official is useless, because all the locals rely on him.

南阳南城摆放的牌匾、牌匾以口语；也、之亦非动人、书法隽秀而令人赞不绝口，其中最有名的当数四省堂内从前的牌匾，村村是：“吃监吏之饭，穿监吏之衣，莫道监吏可欺，自己也是监吏。”相与是：“得一监不荣，失一监不辱，勿说一监无用，人口众多再加一监。”这副镌口语质朴，之亦非动人。（欣）

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